Kubernetes 1.30:多重 Webhook 和模組化授權變得更輕鬆

在 Kubernetes 1.30 中,我們 (SIG Auth) 正在將結構化授權配置移至 Beta 版。

今天的文章是關於授權:決定某人可以和不能存取什麼。查看昨天的上一篇文章,了解 Kubernetes v1.30 中關於身份驗證 (找出誰在執行任務,並檢查他們是否是他們所聲稱的身分) 的新功能。

簡介

Kubernetes 持續發展以滿足系統管理員和開發人員的複雜需求。Kubernetes 的一個關鍵面向,可確保叢集的安全性和完整性,是 API 伺服器授權。直到最近,kube-apiserver 中授權鏈的配置在某種程度上仍然僵化,僅限於一組命令列標誌,並且在授權鏈中僅允許單一 Webhook。這種方法雖然功能完善,但限制了叢集管理員定義複雜、細緻的授權策略所需的彈性。最新的結構化授權配置功能 (KEP-3221) 旨在透過引入更結構化和通用的方式來配置授權鏈,從而徹底改變這方面,重點是啟用多個 Webhook 並提供明確的控制機制。

改進的需求

叢集管理員長期以來一直尋求在 API 伺服器處理程序鏈中指定多個授權 Webhook 的能力,並控制每個 Webhook 的詳細行為,例如逾時和失敗策略。這種需求源於建立分層安全策略的願望,在分層安全策略中,可以根據特定順序的多個標準或規則集來驗證請求。先前的限制也使得難以動態配置授權器鏈,從而沒有空間有效管理複雜的授權情境。

結構化授權配置功能 透過引入組態檔格式來配置 Kubernetes API 伺服器授權鏈,從而解決了這些限制。此格式允許在授權鏈中指定多個 Webhook (所有其他授權類型最多指定一次)。每個 Webhook 授權器都具有明確定義的參數,包括逾時設定、失敗策略以及使用 CEL 規則調用的條件,以便在將請求分派到 Webhook 之前預先篩選請求,從而幫助您防止不必要的調用。組態還支援自動重新載入,確保可以動態應用變更,而無需重新啟動 kube-apiserver。此功能解決了當前的限制,並為更有效地保護和管理 Kubernetes 叢集開闢了新的可能性。

範例配置

以下是結構化授權配置範例,以及所有欄位、其預設值和可能值的描述。

apiVersion: apiserver.config.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: AuthorizationConfiguration
authorizers:
  - type: Webhook
    # Name used to describe the authorizer
    # This is explicitly used in monitoring machinery for metrics
    # Note:
    #   - Validation for this field is similar to how K8s labels are validated today.
    # Required, with no default
    name: webhook
    webhook:
      # The duration to cache 'authorized' responses from the webhook
      # authorizer.
      # Same as setting `--authorization-webhook-cache-authorized-ttl` flag
      # Default: 5m0s
      authorizedTTL: 30s
      # The duration to cache 'unauthorized' responses from the webhook
      # authorizer.
      # Same as setting `--authorization-webhook-cache-unauthorized-ttl` flag
      # Default: 30s
      unauthorizedTTL: 30s
      # Timeout for the webhook request
      # Maximum allowed is 30s.
      # Required, with no default.
      timeout: 3s
      # The API version of the authorization.k8s.io SubjectAccessReview to
      # send to and expect from the webhook.
      # Same as setting `--authorization-webhook-version` flag
      # Required, with no default
      # Valid values: v1beta1, v1
      subjectAccessReviewVersion: v1
      # MatchConditionSubjectAccessReviewVersion specifies the SubjectAccessReview
      # version the CEL expressions are evaluated against
      # Valid values: v1
      # Required, no default value
      matchConditionSubjectAccessReviewVersion: v1
      # Controls the authorization decision when a webhook request fails to
      # complete or returns a malformed response or errors evaluating
      # matchConditions.
      # Valid values:
      #   - NoOpinion: continue to subsequent authorizers to see if one of
      #     them allows the request
      #   - Deny: reject the request without consulting subsequent authorizers
      # Required, with no default.
      failurePolicy: Deny
      connectionInfo:
        # Controls how the webhook should communicate with the server.
        # Valid values:
        # - KubeConfigFile: use the file specified in kubeConfigFile to locate the
        #   server.
        # - InClusterConfig: use the in-cluster configuration to call the
        #   SubjectAccessReview API hosted by kube-apiserver. This mode is not
        #   allowed for kube-apiserver.
        type: KubeConfigFile
        # Path to KubeConfigFile for connection info
        # Required, if connectionInfo.Type is KubeConfigFile
        kubeConfigFile: /kube-system-authz-webhook.yaml
        # matchConditions is a list of conditions that must be met for a request to be sent to this
        # webhook. An empty list of matchConditions matches all requests.
        # There are a maximum of 64 match conditions allowed.
        #
        # The exact matching logic is (in order):
        #   1. If at least one matchCondition evaluates to FALSE, then the webhook is skipped.
        #   2. If ALL matchConditions evaluate to TRUE, then the webhook is called.
        #   3. If at least one matchCondition evaluates to an error (but none are FALSE):
        #      - If failurePolicy=Deny, then the webhook rejects the request
        #      - If failurePolicy=NoOpinion, then the error is ignored and the webhook is skipped
      matchConditions:
      # expression represents the expression which will be evaluated by CEL. Must evaluate to bool.
      # CEL expressions have access to the contents of the SubjectAccessReview in v1 version.
      # If version specified by subjectAccessReviewVersion in the request variable is v1beta1,
      # the contents would be converted to the v1 version before evaluating the CEL expression.
      #
      # Documentation on CEL: https://kubernetes.dev.org.tw/docs/reference/using-api/cel/
      #
      # only send resource requests to the webhook
      - expression: has(request.resourceAttributes)
      # only intercept requests to kube-system
      - expression: request.resourceAttributes.namespace == 'kube-system'
      # don't intercept requests from kube-system service accounts
      - expression: "!('system:serviceaccounts:kube-system' in request.groups)"
  - type: Node
    name: node
  - type: RBAC
    name: rbac
  - type: Webhook
    name: in-cluster-authorizer
    webhook:
      authorizedTTL: 5m
      unauthorizedTTL: 30s
      timeout: 3s
      subjectAccessReviewVersion: v1
      failurePolicy: NoOpinion
      connectionInfo:
        type: InClusterConfig

以下配置範例說明了真實世界的案例,這些案例需要能夠指定具有不同設定、優先順序和失敗模式的多個 Webhook。

保護已安裝的 CRD

確保叢集啟動時自訂資源定義 (CRD) 的可用性一直是關鍵需求。控制器協調這些 CRD 的阻礙之一是為它們提供保護機制,這可以透過多個授權 Webhook 來實現。這在以前是不可能的,因為在 Kubernetes API 伺服器授權鏈中指定多個授權 Webhook 根本是不可能的。現在,透過結構化授權配置功能,管理員可以指定多個 Webhook,提供 RBAC 無法滿足的解決方案,尤其是在拒絕「非系統」使用者對某些 CRD 的權限時。

假設此情境如下

  • 已安裝「受保護的」CRD。
  • 它們只能由 admin 群組中的使用者修改。
apiVersion: apiserver.config.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: AuthorizationConfiguration
authorizers:
  - type: Webhook
    name: system-crd-protector
    webhook:
      unauthorizedTTL: 30s
      timeout: 3s
      subjectAccessReviewVersion: v1
      matchConditionSubjectAccessReviewVersion: v1
      failurePolicy: Deny
      connectionInfo:
        type: KubeConfigFile
        kubeConfigFile: /files/kube-system-authz-webhook.yaml
      matchConditions:
      # only send resource requests to the webhook
      - expression: has(request.resourceAttributes)
      # only intercept requests for CRDs
      - expression: request.resourceAttributes.resource.resource = "customresourcedefinitions"
      - expression: request.resourceAttributes.resource.group = ""
      # only intercept update, patch, delete, or deletecollection requests
      - expression: request.resourceAttributes.verb in ['update', 'patch', 'delete','deletecollection']
  - type: Node
  - type: RBAC

防止不必要的巢狀 Webhook

系統管理員希望在使用 Open Policy Agent 等框架將請求移交給 Webhook 之前,對請求應用特定的驗證。過去,這需要運行巢狀 Webhook (在新增到授權鏈的 Webhook 中) 才能實現所需的結果。結構化授權配置功能簡化了此過程,提供了一個結構化的 API,用於在需要時選擇性地觸發其他 Webhook。它還使管理員能夠為每個 Webhook 設定不同的失敗策略,從而確保更一致和可預測的回應。

apiVersion: apiserver.config.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: AuthorizationConfiguration
authorizers:
  - type: Webhook
    name: system-crd-protector
    webhook:
      unauthorizedTTL: 30s
      timeout: 3s
      subjectAccessReviewVersion: v1
      matchConditionSubjectAccessReviewVersion: v1
      failurePolicy: Deny
      connectionInfo:
        type: KubeConfigFile
        kubeConfigFile: /files/kube-system-authz-webhook.yaml
      matchConditions:
      # only send resource requests to the webhook
      - expression: has(request.resourceAttributes)
      # only intercept requests for CRDs
      - expression: request.resourceAttributes.resource.resource = "customresourcedefinitions"
      - expression: request.resourceAttributes.resource.group = ""
      # only intercept update, patch, delete, or deletecollection requests
      - expression: request.resourceAttributes.verb in ['update', 'patch', 'delete','deletecollection']
  - type: Node
  - type: RBAC
  - name: opa
    type: Webhook
    webhook:
      unauthorizedTTL: 30s
      timeout: 3s
      subjectAccessReviewVersion: v1
      matchConditionSubjectAccessReviewVersion: v1
      failurePolicy: Deny
      connectionInfo:
        type: KubeConfigFile
        kubeConfigFile: /files/opa-default-authz-webhook.yaml
      matchConditions:
      # only send resource requests to the webhook
      - expression: has(request.resourceAttributes)
      # only intercept requests to default namespace
      - expression: request.resourceAttributes.namespace == 'default'
      # don't intercept requests from default service accounts
      - expression: "!('system:serviceaccounts:default' in request.groups)"

下一步是什麼?

從 Kubernetes 1.30 開始,此功能處於 Beta 版,預設為啟用。對於 Kubernetes v1.31,我們預期該功能將保持在 Beta 版,同時我們將從使用者那裡獲得更多回饋。一旦它準備好 GA,功能標誌將被移除,並且組態檔版本將升級到 v1。

結構化授權配置 Kubernetes 文件網站上了解有關此功能的更多資訊。您也可以關注 KEP-3221 以追蹤即將發布的 Kubernetes 版本中的進展。

行動號召

在這篇文章中,我們介紹了 Kubernetes v1.30 中結構化授權配置功能的優點,以及針對真實世界情境的一些範例配置。若要使用此功能,您必須使用 --authorization-config 命令列引數指定授權配置的路徑。從 Kubernetes 1.30 開始,此功能處於 Beta 版,預設為啟用。如果您想繼續使用命令列標誌而不是組態檔,這些標誌將繼續按原樣運作。同時指定 --authorization-config--authorization-modes/--authorization-webhook-* 將不起作用。您需要從 kube-apiserver 命令中刪除較舊的標誌。

以下 Kind 叢集配置在 APIserver 上設定該命令引數,以從檔案資料夾中的檔案 (authorization_config.yaml) 載入 AuthorizationConfiguration。任何需要的 kubeconfig 和憑證檔案也可以放在檔案目錄中。

kind: Cluster
apiVersion: kind.x-k8s.io/v1alpha4
featureGates:
  StructuredAuthorizationConfiguration: true  # enabled by default in v1.30
kubeadmConfigPatches:
  - |
    kind: ClusterConfiguration
    metadata:
      name: config
    apiServer:
      extraArgs:
        authorization-config: "/files/authorization_config.yaml"
      extraVolumes:
      - name: files
        hostPath: "/files"
        mountPath: "/files"
        readOnly: true    
nodes:
- role: control-plane
  extraMounts:
  - hostPath: files
    containerPath: /files

我們很樂意聽取您對此功能的意見回饋。特別是,我們希望 Kubernetes 叢集管理員和授權 Webhook 實作人員在建置與此新 API 的整合時提供意見回饋。請透過 Kubernetes Slack 上的 #sig-auth-authorizers-dev 頻道與我們聯絡。

如何參與

如果您有興趣協助開發此功能、分享意見回饋或參與任何其他正在進行的 SIG Auth 專案,請透過 Kubernetes Slack 上的 #sig-auth 頻道與我們聯絡。

也歡迎您參加每隔週三舉行的 SIG Auth 會議

致謝

此功能由多家不同公司的貢獻者推動。我們要衷心感謝每位貢獻時間和精力使這一切成為可能的人。